Posted by Kairos on November 17, 2002, at 3:05:59
In reply to more on fish oil, posted by Larry Hoover on October 30, 2002, at 10:33:06
Larry Hoover!
Researchers likeyou are a GOD send! My husband is taking fish oil - at my request as I've done some prelim research myself - BUT - What I need from you is the exact dosage amounts that you've come across in research?My husband is taking "Spring Valley's - Natural Fish Oil Concentrate - with Omega 3 fatty acids" - HOWEVER -
As I scan your articles I can't make heads nor tails of the recommended dosage - it states 3 g/d.
My bottle states take it three times a day - and the EPA is rated at 180 mg, the DHA at 120 mg. There is another listing of "Natural Fish Oil Concentrate at 1000 mg.
How many of these single doses equal 3 g/d?
ANY and I mean ANY articles that refer to fish oil are of extreme importance to me - if you can add to my collection and knowledge I'd surely apprecciate it -
My husband was impressed taht you posted this stuff! I think he feels reallly reallly alone in all this.
Thanks for being YOU!
Kairos
> I am a research addict. I can't help myself. <big grin>
>
> The more I read about the beneficial health effects of long-chain omega-3
> fatty acids, the more convinced I am that every person should be taking
> them. If you have any sort of mental disorder, I cannot emphasize enough,
> take fish oil! There is now evidence that DHA, the longer of the two omega-3
> in fish oil, actually regulates transcription of DNA in the brain. It not
> only acts as a functional component of neuronal membranes, making the
> receptors work better, it also helps control the number of receptors, and
> how sensitive they are (among other things).
>
> People sometimes report that they have problems taking fish oil, due to
> stomach upset. There may be a good scientific reason for that......if you're
> deficient in essential fatty acids, you do not secrete bile sufficient for
> the absorption of fatty acids, and you get stomach upset, gas, and
> possibly, diarrhea. The only solution is to start at a low dose, and
> gradually work up as tolerance builds. (The same holds true for many
> nutrients, by the way. Deficiency of some nutrients is actually caused by
> deficiency of those same nutrients, because of malabsorption.) Another
> reason for stomach upset is poor quality fish oil. If you break a capsule
> open,
> it should not smell strongly 'fishy'. In any case, if stomach upset occurs,
> try
> changing brands. Look for one with tocopherol added (a natural preservative,
> vitamin E).
>
> I've posted links to Medline articles, from which I've extracted some
> quotations. If your browser does not show the whole link as highlighted
> text, make sure you paste in the wrapped portion.
>
> Some of these articles also have links to full-text versions. If so, there
> will be a link right below the title, on the Medline page.
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=12002796&dopt=Abstract
>
> "Dietary n-3 FA deficiency influences specific neurotransmitter systems,
> particularly the dopamine systems of the frontal cortex."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=11929197&dopt=Abstract
>
> "Phospholipid supplementation induced a significant increase of b-wave
> amplitude in both control and deficient groups and restored normal fatty
> acid composition in brain regions and retina in deficient mice. DHA-rich
> phospholipids may improve learning ability, visual function and reverse
> biochemical modifications in old mice fed an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
> acid-deficient diet; they also may improve visual function in old mice fed a
> balanced diet."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=11724460&dopt=Abstract
>
> "Comprehensive clinical studies have shown that dietary supplementation with
> marine oil or single-cell oil sources of LC-PUFA results in increased blood
> levels of DHA and arachidonic acid, as well as an associated improvement in
> visual function in formula-fed infants matching that of human breast-fed
> infants. The effect is mediated not only by the known effects on membrane
> biophysicalproperties, neurotransmitter content, and the corresponding
> electrophysiological correlates but also by a modulating gene expression of
> the developing retina and brain.....DHA also has significant effects on
> photoreceptor membranes and neurotransmitters involved in the signal
> transduction process; rhodopsin activation, rod and cone development,
> neuronal dendritic connectivity, and functional maturation of the central
> nervous system."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=2139096&dopt=Abstract
>
> "The results of serial biopsy samples of the cerebral cortex indicated that
> the changes of brain fatty acid composition began as early as 1 week after
> fish oil feeding and stabilized at 12 weeks. The DHA content of the
> phosphatidylethanolamine of the frontal cortex increased progressively from
> 3.9 +/- 1.2 to 28.4 +/- 1.7 percent of total fatty acids. The n-6 fatty
> acid, 22:5, abnormally high in the cerebral cortex of n-3 deficient monkeys,
> decreased reciprocally from 16.2 +/- 3.1 to 1.6 +/- 0.4%. The half-life (t
> 1/2) of DHA in brain phosphatidylethanolamine was estimated to be 21
> days....The biochemical evidence of n-3 fatty acid deficiency was completely
> corrected."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=11590222&dopt=Abstract
>
> "These results indicate that the altered learning behavior associated with a
> long-term n-3 fatty acid deficiency is reversed by supplementing 22:6n-3
> after weaning, when the levels of competing n-6 fatty acids in the diet and
> brain lipids are limited."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=11880617&dopt=Abstract
>
> "The altered genes included those controlling synaptic plasticity,
> cytosceleton and membrane association, signal transduction, ion channel
> formation, energy metabolism, and regulatory proteins. This effect seems to
> be independent of the chain length of fatty acids, but the n-3 structure
> appears to be important. Because n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been
> shown to play an important role in maintaining normal mental functions and
> docosahexaenoic acid-containing ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (18:0/22:6)
> molecular species accumulated in response to n-3 fatty acid feeding, a
> casual relationship between the two events can be surmised."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=12296294&dopt=Abstract
>
> "Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of arachidonic acid in
> inflammatory cell membranes by EPA. This change leads to decreased
> production of arachidonic acid-derived mediators. This response alone is a
> potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 PUFA. However, n-3
> PUFA have a number of other effects which might occur downstream of altered
> eicosanoid production or might be independent of this activity. For example,
> animal and human studies have shown that dietary fish oil results in
> suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and can decrease
> adhesion molecule expression. These effects occur at the level of altered
> gene expression. This action might come about through antagonism of the
> effects of arachidonic acid-derived mediators or through more direct actions
> on the intracellular signalling pathways which lead to activation of
> transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFB). Recent studies
> have shown that n-3 PUFA can down regulate the activity of the nuclear
> transcription factor NFB."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=11725696&dopt=Abstract
>
> "The supplement group received the ingredients in chow inserts at a dosage
> that was equivalent to three times the maximum safe daily dosage for fish
> oil and the usual daily dosage for garlic (the maximum safe daily dosage
> recommended by the United States Food And Drug Administration for a 70-kg
> human is a total of 3 g/day intake of EPA and HDA omega-3 fatty acids from
> conventional and dietary sources....Acutely and chronically, there were no
> differences in external appearance, level of activity, daily food
> consumption, blood cell count, kidney function, thyroid function,
> prothrombin time (PT), and activated partial prothrombin time (PTT), which
> remained within normal ranges in the supplement group. Organ histology
> remained unchanged. Although during the chronic toxicity period the
> triglyceride and LDL suppression persisted, it was noted that total
> cholesterol and HDL levels increased."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=10617969&dopt=Abstract
>
> "In the United States, intake of n-3 fatty acids is approximately 1.6 g/d
> ( approximately 0.7% of energy), of which 1.4 g is alpha-linolenic acid
> (ALA; 18:3) and 0.1-0.2 g is eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5) and
> docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6)....Attaining the proposed recommended
> combined EPA and DHA intake of 0.65 g/d will require an approximately 4-fold
> increase in fish consumption in the United States."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=11844977&dopt=Abstract
>
> "For adults, n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation is
> implicated in improving a wide range of clinical pathologies involving
> cardiac, kidney, and neural tissues. Studies generally agree that whole body
> conversion of 18:3n-3 to 22:6n-3 is below 5% in humans, and depends on the
> concentration of n-6 fatty acids and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids
> in the diet."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=11478378&dopt=Abstract
>
> "...brain slices from Et-DHA-treated fetuses formed less oxidation products,
> as detected by thiobarbituric acid (TBA), compared to controls. Furthermore,
> brain-lipid extracts from Et-DHA but not ethyl-oleate treated fetuses,
> exhibited hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, as demonstrated by electron
> spin-resonance technique. Part of the beneficial effect of Et-DHA
> administration on the fetal brain may be attributed to enhanced free-radical
> scavenging capability, a phenomenon not directly related to vitamin E or
> lipid-soluble antioxidant levels."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=8093816&dopt=Abstract
>
> "In our experiments, feeding animals with oils that have a low
> alpha-linolenic content results in all brain cells and organelles and
> various organs in reduced amounts of 22:6(n-3), compensated by an increase
> in 22:5(n-6). The speed of recuperation from these anomalies is extremely
> slow for brain cells, organelles and microvessels, in contrast with other
> organs. A decrease in alpha-linolenic series acids in the membranes results
> in a 40% reduction in the Na-K-ATPase of nerve terminals and a 20% reduction
> in 5'-nucleotidase. Some other enzymatic activities are not affected,
> although membrane fluidity is altered. A diet low in ALNA induces
> alterations in the electroretinogram which disappear with age: motor
> function and activity are little affected but learning behaviour is markedly
> altered. The presence of ALNA in the diet confers a greater resistance to
> certain neurotoxic agents, i.e. triethyl-lead."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=2564887&dopt=Abstract
>
> "The amounts estimated to prevent deficiencies in the elderly are 800-1100
> mg/d of alpha-linolenic acid and 300-400 mg/d of EPA and DHA combined. "
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=9323581&dopt=Abstract
>
> "The adequate supply of essential fatty acids (EFA) to the body depends upon
> sufficient dietary intake and subsequent efficient intestinal absorption.
> Lipid malabsorption is not only a leading cause of EFA deficiency (EFAD),
> but also occurs secondarily to EFAD....EFAD in itself affects the deficiency
> state by impairment of EFA absorption due to its effects on bile formation
> and on chylomicron secretion."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=11115801&dopt=Abstract
>
> "Data from the Rotterdam Study showed that high intakes of the following
> nutrients were associated with an increased risk of dementia after
> adjustment for confounders: total fat (RR=2.4 (95%CI: 1.1-5.2)), saturated
> fat (RR=1.9 (95%CI: 0.9-4.0)), and cholesterol (RR=1.7 (95%CI: 0.9-3.2)). A
> high fish consumption, an important source of n-3 PUFAs, reduced the risk of
> dementia (RR=0.4 (95%CI: 0.2-0.9)). In the Zutphen Elderly Study a high
> linoleic acid intake was associated with cognitive impairment (OR=1.8
> (95%CI: 1.0-3.0)). A high fish consumption tended to be inversely associated
> with cognitive impairment and decline (RR=0.5, 95%CI: 0.2-1.2)."
>
> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ui
> ds=8192673&dopt=Abstract
>
> "Feeding animals with diets high in saturated fat induces insulin
> resistance, and replacing saturated fat isocalorically with poly-unsaturated
> fat, especially long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, will prevent the development
> of insulin resistance in skeletal-muscle tissue....Insulin binding to intact
> sarcolemmal vesicles prepared from rats fed on diets high in omega-3 fatty
> acids increased 14-fold compared with animals fed on the low-omega-3 diet (P
> < 0.0001)."
>
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poster:Kairos
thread:125809
URL: http://www.dr-bob.org/babble/20021116/msgs/127992.html